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An English exonym is a name in the English language for a place (a toponym), or occasionally other terms, which does not follow the local usage (the endonym). Exonyms and endonyms are features of all languages and other languages may have their own exonym for the English endonym, such as "''Llundain''" is the Welsh exonym for the English endonym "London." An English exonym is typically a place name given by an English-speaking linguistic community to a topographic feature situated in a territory where English has no official status. British English traditionally uses the term "conventional name", but the more internationally accepted term is “exonym”.〔Manual for the National Standardization of Geographical Names - Page 129 United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names, United Nations. Statistical Division - 2006 "An exonym is a name given by a linguistic community—a group of people who communicate with each other with relative ease in a common language—in its own language to a topographic feature situated in a territory where this language has no official status, for example, a foreign country. The English traditionally use the form "conventional name", but here we will use the internationally accepted term “exonym”."〕 A less common form of exonym is usage for names and titles. Personal exonyms are typically limited to regnal names such as popes (John Paul II) or monarchs (Charles V); less commonly very well known non-modern authors (John Calvin, for French ''Jean Calvin'') are referred to by exonyms. Romanization, or transcription of a non-Latin alphabet endonym into a Latin alphabet, is not generally regarded as creating exonyms; ''"The application of any scientifically sound romanization system to a non-Roman endonym merely re-creates that original endonym in another legitimate form"'' (Päll, 2002).〔Peeter Päll, Estonia, "Do Romanization Systems Create Exonyms?" UN Group of Experts on Geographical Names, Working Group on Romanization Systems (2002)〕〔Exonyms and the International Standardisation of Geographical Names Peter Jordan, Milan Orožen Adamič, Paul Woodman - 2007- Page 16 "2.2.11 This brings us on to the question of romanization. Does the application of a romanization system turn an endonym into an exonym? In his GeoNames 2000 paper Do Romanization Systems Create Exonyms?, Peeter Päll argued convincingly.."〕 However old romanization systems, particularly pre-independence colonial-era romanization systems may leave a legacy of "familiar" spellings, as in the case of, for example, romanization of Burmese.〔M. B. Hooker ''Laws of South-East Asia: The pre-modern texts 1986 - Page 23 "Place names such as Rangoon, Mandalay, Pegu and Moulmein have been left in the English form which is familiar to the non-Burmese reader. Personal names also have been left in the old romanization which seems to be familiar to.."〕 This affects romanization of Arabic, romanization of Chinese, and many other non-Latin alphabet place names. ==Lists== For convenience a non-exhaustive summary list of English exonyms is included below. Note that the list includes both current and historic exonyms. In many cases, modern English-language sources no longer use the traditional English spelling, or do so only in historical contexts. See the article on each individual place name for information on its usage. :''The list includes more detailed and complete breakout lists for: : * List of English exonyms for Dutch toponyms : * List of English exonyms for German toponyms - some no longer current : * List of English exonyms for Italian toponyms - some no longer current : * English exonyms of Arabic speaking places : * List of renamed Indian public places - some without current acceptence The list does not include the list of English translated personal names. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「English exonyms」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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